The primary objective of this research is to empirically investigate the influence of supply chain collaboration, supply chain leadership, and supply chain management practices on the performance of supply chains within companies situated in Saudi Arabia. Additionally, the study aims to explore the moderating effect of supply chain flexibility, as well as the mediating role played by supply chain integration and supply chain capabilities. Quantitative data were gathered from a sample of 380 supply chain managers employing a convenient sampling technique. The research design adopted a cross-sectional approach, and data analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares (PLS) Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) methodology. The results of the analysis reveal that supply chain collaboration, supply chain leadership, and supply chain management practices exhibit positive and statistically significant effects on supply chain performance, supply chain capabilities, and supply chain integration. Furthermore, the indirect effects, considering both moderating and mediating influences, demonstrate significant and positive impacts of all exogenous variables on endogenous variables. The favourable and significant outcomes of this study, particularly within the context of a moderated mediated model, contribute substantially to both theoretical understanding and practical applications. This research offers valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and supply chain managers aiming to enhance supply chain performance through a targeted focus on the variables examined in the study.